enum Quantity: Equatable { case missing, invalid, value(Int) }
func quantity(_ raw: String?) -> Quantity {
    guard let raw else { return .missing }
    guard let value = Int(raw), value >= 0 else { return .invalid }
    return .value(value)
}

let cases: [(String?, Quantity)] = [
    (nil, .missing), ("", .invalid), ("cat", .invalid),
    ("-1", .invalid), ("0", .value(0)), ("7", .value(7))
]
for (raw, expected) in cases { precondition(quantity(raw) == expected) }

var fallbackCalls = 0
@MainActor func fallback() -> Int { fallbackCalls += 1; return 99 }
let present: Int? = 0
let absent: Int? = nil
precondition((present ?? fallback()) == 0 && fallbackCalls == 0)
precondition((absent ?? fallback()) == 99 && fallbackCalls == 1)

let empty: String? = ""
let missing: String? = nil
precondition(empty?.count == 0 && missing?.count == nil)
print("inputs=6 missing=1 invalid=3 valid=2 fallback-calls=1 empty-count=0 missing-count=nil")